1a) (C.E.)The man who robbed you has been arrested; The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters; Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in; Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police? Everyone who/that knew him liked him. Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.[
[En claúsulas con antecedente personal y en función sujeto los pronombres relativos que se pueden usar son «who» y «that.» «who» es el pronombre relativo usual («The man who robbed you has been arrested»). «that» es una alternativa posible después de «all,» «everyone,» «everybody,» «no one,» «nobody» y «those» («Everyone that knew him liked him.»)
1b)(C. no E.) My neighbour, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year; Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. My neighbour is very pessimistic and says …; Peter had been driving all day, so / and he suggested … I’ve invited Ann, who lives in the next flat. I passed the letter to Peter, who was sitting beside me.
[El único pronombre relativo posible es «who.» Siempre hay comas. Claúsulas como la presente en «My neihgbour, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year,» que aparecen inmediatamente a continuación del sujeto del verbo se encuentran sobre todo en Inglés escrito. En inglés hablado se preferiria la coordinación: «My neighbour is very pessimistic and says …» Pero claúsulas que aparecen más tarde en la frase, i. e. las claúsulas que van después del objeto del verbo principal son corrientes en la conversación («I’ve invited Ann, who lives next door»). Las claúsulas que siguen a una ‘ «preposición» + «nombre» ‘ también son comunes («I passed the letter to Peter, who was sitting beside me.)]
2a) (C.E.) The man whom I saw told me to come back today;The man who I saw told me to come back today; The man that I saw told me to come back today; The man I saw told me to come back today (pronombre relativo omitido). The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay; The girls who he employs are always complaining about their pay; The girls that he employs are always complaining about their play; The girls he employs are always complaining about their pay.
[En claúsulas con antecedente personal y en función objeto los pronombres relativos que se pueden usar son: «whom,» «who» o «that.» La forma objeto es «whom,» pero se considera muy formal. En Inglés hablado se emplea «who» o «that» («that» más frecuentemente que «who») y es todavía más corriente omitir el pronombre relativo objeto completamente («The man I saw told me to come back today»; «The girls he employs are always complaining about their pay.»)]
2b) (C. no E.) Peter, whom everyone suspected turned out to be innocent. Everyone suspected Peter, but he turned out to be innocent. She wanted Tom, whom she liked, as a partner; but she got Jack, whom she didn’t like. She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.
[Los pronombres a usar son «whom» y «who.» El pronombre no puede omitirse. «whom» es la forma correcta, pero «who» se usa a veces en la conversación. Como quedó dicho arriba, una claúsula no especificativa en esta posición, representando como objeto en la claúsula relativa a su antecedente, son inusuales. En Inglés hablado, se preferiría la coordinación («Everyone suspected Peter, but he turned out to be innocent»). Pero las claúsulas que aparecen más tarde en la frase, i. e. después del objeto del verbo principal o después de ‘ «preposición» + «nombre» son corrientes («She wanted Tom, whom she like …»; «She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.»)]
3a) (C. E.) the man to whom I spoke; The man whom I spoke to; The man who I spoke to; The man that I spoke to; The man I spoke to. The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it; The man who I bought it from told me to oil it; The man that I bought it from told me to oil it; The man I bought it from told me to oil it.
[En Inglés formal la preposición se coloca delante del pronombre relativo que debe adoptar entonces la forma «whom» («the man to whom I spoke»). En el habla informal se traslada la preposición al final de la claúsula y «whom» es reemplazado por «that» («the man that I spoke to»), pero es todavía más corriente omitir el pronombre relativo objeto de la preposición completamente («The man I spoke to … «; «The man I bought it from told me to oil it.»)]
3b) C. no E.) Mr. Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments. Mr. Jones, who I was working for, was very generous about overtime payments. Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me. Peter, who/whom I played tennis with on Sundays was fitter than me.
[En las claúsulas especificativas con un antecedente personal en las que el pronombre realativo funciona como objeto de una preposición la única forma posibles es «whom.»El pronombre no puede omitirse. La preposiciçon precede al pronombre relativo («Mr. Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime pays»). En la conversación suele trasladarse la preposición al final de la claúsula y cambiar «whom» por «who.» Si la claúsula contiene una expresion de tiempo o lugar, un complemento circunstancial de tiempo o lugar, este permanecerá siempre al final.]
4a) (C.E.) People whose rents have been raised can appeal; The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
[En el posesivo «whose» es la única forma posible.]
4b) (C. no E.) Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job; This is George, whose class you’ll be taking. Ann’s children are at school all day so she … This is George. You will be taking his class.
[El pronombre es «whose» En la conversación el uso de la claúsula reltiva se evita. Se prefiere la coordinación o la parataxis.]
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A Practical English Grammar (A.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet) 